Three Key Ideas from Modern Criticism of Frankenstein

I read Frankenstein and the Tradition of Realism by George Levine, which is a modern criticism of Mary Shelley's famous classic Frankenstein. Three key ideas present in this criticism are:

1. "the hero and his antagonist are one". Levine brings up the point that it is actually commonplace in literature for our hero and his/her enemy to be one and the same. Levine says that Victor and his monster are doubles that resemble and depend upon each other. They are tied together and cannot escape this.

2. "the responsibility of father to son". Levine compares Victor to a father figure and the monster to a son figure. Victor is essentially the monster's father because he deliberately and willfully created it. However, Victor rejects the monster. Levine says that this novel is an "examination of the responsibility of the father to the son.

3. "a claustrophobic novel". Levine says that this book is very claustrophobic because it doesn't really present readers with the whole landscape of the world. It only presents us with "a single mind" and the only figure who "stands outside of that mind" is Walton. Walton works as a connection between our real world and Frankenstein's world. Levine calls this book claustrophobic because so many relationships in it are blood-related. Walton is an outlier with this, too. Even Elizabeth and Victor, who are going to be married, are related to each other. All of these blood relations suffer because of Victor; as he tries to eliminate the monster, he really eliminates his family.

Dr. Frankenstein vs. Plain Old Victor

How does Mary Shelley establish a complex attitude towards Victor's work?

Shelley is able to establish a complex attitude towards Victor's work immediately; after all, Victor's work is not an everyday job. It is thrilling, unnatural, and complex stuff. Shelley starts out by describing Victor's initial feelings about his task--he is anticipatory and excited to create a new species. He is thrilled by the thought of a species that owes its very existence to him. That feeling of supreme power and godlike authority clearly excites Victor greatly ("A new species would bless me as its creator and source"). So, at first, Shelley describes Victor's work as exciting and innovative.

However, Shelley develops a complex attitude towards Victor's work by shifting and showing Victor's slow loss of his initial thrill. Victor grows unhealthy, thin, and pale--still barely clinging to his goal. He spends all of his time working on this crazy project of his; it becomes an undeniable obsession ("I seemed to have lost all soul or sensation but for this one pursuit"). Victor is in a "trance", so blindly consumed by his ungodly task. So, by adding this low to the initial high, Shelley establishes a very complex attitude towards Victor's work.

To add to the complexity, Shelley writes graphic sentences describing Victor's work process to create tension in the story. Victor does unspeakable things just to get materials for his work. He steals dead bodies from graves and proceeds to dissect and mutilate them. Shelley calls Victor "profane" and refers to his work spot as a "cell". These harsh words are creating tension. There is also tension between the obsessed Dr. Frankenstein and the human being, Victor: "often did my human nature turn with loathing from my occupation, whilst still urged on by an eagerness which perpetually increased..." The two very different halves of Victor Frankenstein are pulling away from each other, and the reader is able to sense this disconnect.

Thus, Mary Shelley establishes a complex attitude towards Victor's work by describing his initial reaction, showing his gradual downward spiral, and by creating heavy tension.

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein: A Passage I Found Interesting

"I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on." 

I find this line in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein to be very interesting because the monster's point of view is surprisingly compelling. There is such strong language in this line. Consider the word 'abortion'. What a highly controversial and polarizing word this is! You see, often, we are not able to relate to so-called 'monsters', but I found myself sympathizing with Dr. Frankenstein's sorry creation despite myself. Think about it: this poor thing was created out of human remains and shocked into life; he didn't ask for to be created. When he tried to befriend the human race, they ran from him and tried to exterminate him--remember Felix and Agatha?

All the monster really wanted in this book was a companion--someone who could relate to him and keep him company. To be a hideous fiend in a world full of judgmental and violent human beings is, actually, a really sad life. Even the monster's creator, Dr. Frankenstein himself, rejects him. The loneliness, betrayal, and hurt the monster felt in this book would be enough to send anyone on a rampage. And, as we know, the monster does go on a rampage. A very murderous one, at that.

My Most Meaningful Reads

To name ten of my most meaningful reading experiences is quite a difficult task for me because I'm pretty much a book freak. However, I will give my best attempt. This is in no particular order:

1. The Curious Case of the Dog in the Nighttime by Mark Haddon. The main character of this book, Christopher Swindon, really struck me as an extremely interesting character. I could not put this book down; in fact, I even read it while running on the treadmill at the gym, and that says a lot. A great read.

2. A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini. I really enjoyed this book. Well, maybe 'enjoyed' is not the right word because this book was very difficult to read. I stayed up until four in the morning one summer night just to finish this thing because it was that enthralling of a story. It is about two Afghan women and their struggles--and there are lots of struggles. Dr. Hosseini, you made me cry like a child; I thank you for that because it was an incredible book.

3. The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky. I know I am not alone when I say that this book truly moved me. Perks is a really famous book, and millions of copies of it have sold. Still, I can say that I feel a very personal and individual connection to this book and its protagonist, the very endearing Charlie.

4. The Pleasures of the Damned by Charles Bukowski. Now this book is a book of poetry by 'the laureate of American lowlife', Bukowski himself. I tracked it down at the famous bookstore Powell's in Portland, Oregon. Some people may cringe while reading this book because of its vulgar language and total disregard for traditional forms of poetry, but I just grin. This book is mischievous and wickedly funny, but it is also jam-packed with heavy emotion and real meaning. What can I say; Bukowski is one of my favorites.

5. Any Harry Potter book, by J.K. Rowling I am part of the generation that loves Harry Potter. I grew up with the books and these movies, and re-reading these books makes me so nostalgic and happy. I remember waiting impatiently for each book to come out, fighting with my older brother about who got to read it first... Good times.

6. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger. Man, there's just something about Holden... This book sits on my shelf, worn and dog-eared. I just love it. I am jealous of Salinger's ability to create such a powerful book.

7. The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. I'm not yet finished with this book, but I am just itching to finish up this post, curl up, and read read read this book. It is so moving and touching already, and I haven't even gotten to the best part--the end! Hassan's character and his tragedy makes my heart hurt.

8. All But My Life by Gerda Weissman Klein. This is the memoir of a Holocaust survivor. I've read this book at least three times in my life so far, and I will be reading it again soon enough for my Holocaust Studies class. It is just so well-written and so riveting and so true. I will never forget Gerda's story.

9. Any Calvin & Hobbes comic book, by Bill Watterson. I read these comics as a very, very young child and loved them, even though I didn't understand the sarcasm or philosophical ideas present. I loved them because of the vivid drawings. As I grew older, and re-read all of these comics, I realized  just how profound these comics really are and loved them even more. And, of course, they are hilarious.

10. Bird by Bird; Some Instructions on Writing and Life by Anne Lamott. This book was funny, entertaining, insightful, and informative. I liked it because I would like to be a writer of some sort one day in the future, so it helped me out.

This is my list of important books so far in life! As I grow older and wiser and more well-read, I'm sure it will change!